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Lordship of Beirut

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The Lordship of Beirut was a feudal lordship in the Kingdom of Jerusalem centered on the city of Beirut (in modern-day Lebanon). In the 12th century it was ruled by the Brisebarre family. At some point between 1165 and 1174, Beirut was taken back into the royal domain. Count Raymond III of Tripoli held it in 1185-86, and in 1187 it was conquered by the Ayyubids. It was recovered in 1197, and in the 13th century the lordship was held by the Ibelin family.

History

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First kingdom

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The city of Beirut was captured by the Franks and annexed to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1110. King Baldwin I granted it to his distant relative Fulk of Guînes. By 1125, Fulk had died, and Beirut had been given to Walter I Brisebarre. The origin of the Brisebarre family is unknown: their name does not refer to any place and no relationship with the counts of Guînes is known.[1]

The Lordship of Banias, established in 1128,[2] and the Lordship of Chastel Neuf, were sub-fiefs of the Lordship of Beirut.[3] According to the historian Mary E. Nickerson, the lordship extended from the Nahr al-Kalb at the kingdom's border with the County of Tripoli to the Damour river and from the Lebanon Mountains to the sea.[4] This is the prevailing view in the 20th-century historiography. The historian Steven Tibble dismisses it as "assumptions that are either not supported or directly contradicted by charter evidence".[5] The lordship contained a lucrative port.[6]

Sometime between 1164 and 1167 the lord of Beirut, Walter III Brisebarre, was forced to sell the lordship to King Amalric to pay for the ransom he owed to his former Muslim captors.[7] In 1185 Count Raymond III of Tripoli, acting as regent for the minor King Baldwin V, was granted Beirut to defray the costs of the regency. When the young king died, Joscelin of Courtenay swiftly seized Beirut and other towns for Queen Sibylla. The right to Beirut was then disputed between Raymond and King Guy.[6]

Second kingdom

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The Beirut Castle

Beirut was conquered by the Muslims along with most of the kingdom in 1187.[6] In 1197 it was recovered by the Christians. Queen Isabella I granted the lordship to her half-brother John, of the Ibelin family. Around 1207 John acquired the Lordship of Arsuf through marriage with its lady, Melisende. Henceforth two coastal lordships were held by close relatives of the royal family.[8] By the 13th century at the latest, the lordship consisted of only a strip of coast around the city of Beirut.[9] Tibble argues that the lordship encompassed very little agricultural land, and that "the vast majority" of the lord's revenue came from urban trade.[10]

In the 13th century the lord of Beirut held numerous properties in the royal domain, especially in the vicinity of Acre. The most prominent vassals of the lord of Beirut were the Mimars family. Emperor Frederick II, as king of Jerusalem, tried to take Beirut back in the royal domain in 1228.[11] King Hugh I granted susbtantial property to the lord of Beirut, Balian of Ibelin, noting that this was in expansion of the lordship.[12] In 1256 the lord of Beirut, John of Ibelin, leased most of his estate to the Teutonic Knights in order to alleviate his financial hardships.[13] The Franks permanently lost Beirut, as well as all the remaining land of the kingdom, to the Muslim ruler of Egypt, Al-Ashraf Khalil, in 1291.[14]

Lords

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Brisebarre succession according to Mayer[16] Brisebarre succession according to Nickerson[17][18]
  • Walter I Brisebarre, 1125–1126
  • Guy I Brisebarre, 1127–1140
  • Walter II Brisebarre, 1140–1147
  • Guy II Brisebarre, 1147–1156
  • Walter III Brisebarre, 1156–1166

Mary E. Nickerson posited a succession of the Brisebarre lords in which every appearance of a Walter or Guy was assumed to represent a new individual. This remained the dominant view through much of the 20th century.[17] Hans E. Mayer argued that Nickerson's Walter I and Walter II are the same person, who lost and regained the lordship, and that only one Guy held the lordship, also being dispossessed and reinstated.[19] Mayer thus names the last Brisebarre lord Walter II rather than Walter III.[20] This interpretation is embraced by Alan V. Murray.[21]

From 1167 until 1187 Beirut was held by the king. Muslims held it from 1187 to 1197. It was back in Frankish possession from 1197 to 1291. The proprietary lords and ladies in this period were:[23]

References

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  1. ^ Mayer 1990, pp. 862.
  2. ^ Tibble 1989, p. 15.
  3. ^ Tibble 1989, p. 17.
  4. ^ Nickerson 1949, p. 148.
  5. ^ Tibble 1989, p. 25.
  6. ^ a b c Tibble 1989, p. 95.
  7. ^ Hamilton 1992, p. 141.
  8. ^ Tibble 1989, p. 90.
  9. ^ Tibble 1989, pp. 25–27.
  10. ^ Tibble 1989, pp. 27–28.
  11. ^ Tibble 1989, p. 78.
  12. ^ Tibble 1989, p. 79.
  13. ^ Tibble 1989, pp. 79–80.
  14. ^ Setton, Wolff & Hazard 1969, p. 754.
  15. ^ Mayer 1990, pp. 860, 868.
  16. ^ Mayer 1990, p. 868.
  17. ^ a b Mayer 1990, p. 860.
  18. ^ Nickerson 1949, pp. 141–185.
  19. ^ Mayer 1990, pp. 860–870.
  20. ^ Mayer 1990, p. 869.
  21. ^ Murray 2015, p. 288.
  22. ^ Mayer 1985, pp. 378–379.
  23. ^ Setton, Wolff & Hazard 1969, p. 820.

Bibliography

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  • Hamilton, Bernard (1992). "Miles of Plancy and the fief of Beirut". The Horns of Ḥaṭṭīn. Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. ISBN 978-965-217-085-9. Retrieved 2025-01-02.
  • Mayer, Hans Eberhard (1990). "The Wheel of Fortune: Seignorial Vicissitudes under Kings Fulk and Baldwin III of Jerusalem". Speculum. 65 (4). University of Chicago Press: 860–877. doi:10.2307/2863565. ISSN 0038-7134.
  • Murray, Alan V. (2015). "The prosopography and onomastics of the Franks in the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1187". The Franks in Outremer: Studies in the Latin Principalities of Palestine and Syria, 1099–1187. Variorum Collected Studies Serie. Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate. ISBN 978 1 47246 885 7.
  • Nickerson, Mary E. (1949). "Mary E. Nickerson, The Seigneury of Beirut in the Twelfth Century and the Brisebarre Family of Beirut-Blanchegarde". PhilPapers. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  • Setton, Kenneth M.; Wolff, Robert L.; Hazard, H.W. (1969). A History of the Crusades. A history of the crusades. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
  • Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0241298768.
  • Tibble, S. (1989). Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822731-1. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
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